Indian Arts & Architecture
Indian Arts & Architecture is one of the most enduring achievements of Indian civilization is
undoubtedly its architecture. Indian architecture, which has evolved through centuries, is the
result of social, economic, and geographical conditions. Different types of Indian architectural
styles include a mass of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history
considered unique to India. As a result of vast diversities, a vast range of architectural
specimens have evolved, retaining a certain amount of continuity across history. Indian
architecture, belonging to different periods of history, bears the stamp of those periods.
Although the cities of the Indus Valley provide considerable evidence of widespread urban
planning, the beginnings of Indian architecture date back to the advent of Buddhism in India. It
was during this time that a large number of magnificent buildings were built. Some highlights of
Buddhist art and architecture are the Great Stupa of Sanchi and the rock-cut caves of Ajanta.
With the establishment of the Hindu kingdoms in South India, the South Indian school of
architecture began to flourish. The most notable achievements of the Pallava rulers are the
stone temples at Mahabalipuram and the temples at Kanchipuram. The Chola, Hoyasala, and
Vijayanagar rulers also made notable achievements in the field of architecture. The Thanjavur,
Belur, and Halebid temples are a testament to the architectural excellence of the rulers of
South India. In northern India, a new and distinct style of architecture developed. This is
called Nagara-style architecture. In central India, the Chandela rulers built a magnificent
temple complex at Khajuraho. With the arrival of Muslim rulers, a new architectural style
developed in India: Indo-Islamic architecture.
The Indo-Islamic style is neither strictly Islamic nor Hindu. Medieval architecture can be
divided into two main types. This is Delhi, or Imperial style and Mughal architecture. This was
followed by a new architectural style that developed as a result of Indian colonization. This
architectural style is called Indo-Saracenic. Indo-Saracenic architecture combines features of
Hindu, Muslim, and Western elements. Colonial architecture is expressed through institutional,
civic, and utility buildings such as post offices, railway stations, motels, and government
buildings. Indian art and architecture have a rich and diverse heritage spanning thousands of
years. They reflect the country's long history, religious and cultural traditions, and the
influence of different dynasties and empires. Indian art and architecture include many different
styles and forms, each with its own characteristics. Here are some important aspects of Indian
art and architecture::
Architectural Styles
Religious and Spiritual Significance: Much of Indian art and architecture is deeply rooted in
religious and spiritual beliefs. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and later, Islam, have all left
their marks on the art and architecture of India.
Classical Indian Architecture: The classical Indian architectural style, known as Vastu
Shastra, includes the use of intricate carvings, pillars, and symmetrical designs. Notable
examples of classical Indian architecture include the temples of Khajuraho and the Badami
Chalukya temples.
Indo-Islamic Architecture: After the arrival of Islam in India, a unique Indo-Islamic
architectural style developed. This style is characterized by the use of domes, arches,
minarets, and intricate tile work. The Taj Mahal is an iconic example of Indo-Islamic
architecture.
Mughal Architecture: The Mughal dynasty made significant contributions to Indian
architecture, marked by grand structures, like the Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi, and the
palatial buildings in Fatehpur Sikri.
South Indian Architecture: In the southern part of India, there is a distinct style of
temple architecture with towering gopurams (entrance gateways) and intricate sculptures. The
temples of Mahabalipuram and the Chola temples are excellent examples.
Sculpture: Indian sculpture has a long history and is often intricately detailed. The
sculptures are typically found on temples and religious structures, depicting gods, goddesses,
and mythological stories. The temples of Khajuraho and the Ellora Caves are renowned for their
exquisite sculptures.
Painting
Mughal Miniature Painting: The Mughals were instrumental in the development of miniature
painting in India. These intricate paintings often depicted scenes from the Mughal court,
nature, and various historical events.
Rajput Painting: Rajput painting was developed in the royal courts of Rajasthan and the
Pahari region. These paintings are known for their vibrant colors and themes related to love,
music, and poetry.
Music and Dance: India has a rich tradition of music and dance. Classical forms like
Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Odissi are renowned for their intricate movements and expressions.
Indian classical music, including Hindustani and Carnatic music, is based on a system of ragas
and has a deep spiritual connection.
Textiles: Indian textiles are known for their vibrant colors, intricate designs, and
craftsmanship. Different regions are famous for their distinct weaving and dyeing techniques.
The saree is one of the most iconic pieces of Indian clothing.
Calligraphy: Calligraphy has a significant presence in Islamic and Mughal art, with
exquisite examples of calligraphic art adorning various monuments and manuscripts.
Contemporary Art: In addition to its rich historical heritage, India also has a thriving
contemporary art scene. Indian artists contribute to a wide range of art forms, from painting
and sculpture to installations and digital art.